They could not "just" have used SPIR-V bytecode. WebGL already had to do a bunch of work to restrict GLSL's semantics to work in the web sandbox; whatever WebGPU chose would have had the same problem.
I do not believe this is true anymore and WGSL is a "real language" now that actually requires a "real language frontend" to compile. The original spec didn't even have while loops, they expected you to effectively write the SSA graph by hand (because SPIR-V is an SSA IR). Then the design drifted as they kept adding pieces until they accidentally made an actual language again.